tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8475204670667756722024-02-20T05:53:38.090-05:00Archaeology BlogBrian Redmond, Ph.Dhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16352797682978174355noreply@blogger.comBlogger94125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-847520467066775672.post-67224244084407355752015-09-13T10:57:00.003-04:002015-09-13T10:57:34.075-04:00Find New Posts on CMNH Website<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">In case you have not already noticed, my future blog posts will be featured on the <a href="https://www.cmnh.org/blog?filter=Archaeology" target="_blank">CMNH website</a>.</span></h3>
</div>
Brian Redmond, Ph.Dhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16352797682978174355noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-847520467066775672.post-48326188907846847192015-07-29T17:47:00.004-04:002015-07-29T17:55:16.710-04:00And Another Floor “Surfaces”<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<![endif]-->We are extending our field work into the late summer with the help of volunteers from FARC (Firelands Archaeological Research Center). Last Sunday we resumed excavation on a 1x1m excavation unit we started way back on June 7 (Figure 1). Given all the rain we had this summer, this unit was almost continuously flooded until last week! Once work began, we quickly exposed what appears to be a section of yet another clay floor (Figure 2). It is made from the same yellow clay as those found earlier this summer. This new floor is located about 30 meters south of our summer excavation block in an area of slightly higher elevation at a depth of between 40 and 50cm below datum. Several possible post molds were recorded on this clay surface, which suggests the erection of structures of some kind.<br />
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<![endif]-->We chose this spot to dig based on the results of the ground-penetrating radar (GPR) survey conducted last fall. The radar revealed a distinct area of strong reflections that appeared similar to the buried clay surface identified last summer. The GPR map in Figure 3 shows radar reflections in red and the 1x1m square of test unit 469N 504E. It appears that this unit overlaps an irregularly-shaped, planar (flat-lying) anomaly that may represent the clay stratum found last Sunday. This anomaly measures about 2.7m long by 1.5m wide, which seems a bit small for the floor of a structure; however, as we saw to the north, the radar reflection itself does not necessarily represent the entirety of the clay stratum detected. In other words, the clay floor could be much larger than the red zone shown in Figure 3.<br />
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<![endif]-->Perhaps the most important conclusion to draw from these new data is that clay surfaces (floors?) were constructed at additional locations across the site and not just at the southern edge of the old orchard. Of course, further excavation will be necessary to verify that this clay stratum is also a structural floor, but the numerous possible post molds found on its surface seem to be pointing in that direction. <br />
<br />
<br /></div>
Brian Redmond, Ph.Dhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16352797682978174355noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-847520467066775672.post-74539772233679545472015-07-19T21:11:00.001-04:002015-07-19T21:12:26.591-04:00Defining the Upper Clay Floor<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<![endif]-->As noted in an earlier post, one of our greatest surprises this field season at Burrell Orchard was the discovery of a second clay floor. But unlike the first floor, this one was found just 15 to 20 cm (about 6 to 8 inches) below the surface! On most sites I have worked in northern Ohio, such a shallow feature would have been badly damaged, if not destroyed, by a century or more of plowing. But such was not the case at this amazing site. It seems that the area in which we are working is just a few meters beyond the most actively cultivated portion of the original farm. Of course, millennia of root growth, erosion, and rodent digging have taken their toll on this extremely rare piece of Ohio ancient history, but still this floor is amazingly well preserved after 4000 years (Figure 1).<br />
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Figure 1. Exposed southwest section of the upper clay floor.
The excavation block shown here is three meters wide; the irregular gray stains
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<![endif]-->Based on our growing knowledge, this upper floor appears to be roughly oval in plan and measures at least four meters long (N-S) and three meters wide. The uncertainty is due to the fact that we have yet to expose the northern and eastern margins of the floor. Areas of orange-red clay, marking the locations of ancient fires, appear here and there across this clay surface. These burned patches may represent hearth features used by the occupants, who also dug small pits into the floor. Most of these pits contain very little in the way of artifacts, but some include bits of deer or other animal bone. Many may be small cache or storage pits. As these small pits were excavated, we noticed that the upper clay floor capped additional floor layers separated by thin lenses of midden soil (Figure 2). I noticed at least three of these subfloors in several excavated areas, and up to four floors were visible as small sections of yellow clay protruding here and there along the western margin of the upper floor.<br />
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<![endif]-->Based on our experience with the deeper clay floor of Structure 1, we were careful to look for post molds lining the edges of the upper floor. After some careful troweling, we found several post molds forming an arc around the southwestern edge of the upper floor which may represent a wooden post structure built on top of the clay surface. A few days later, as we removed some of the surrounding midden soil, we exposed four or five post molds in a similar configuration along the edge of a deeper subfloor. This evidence may indicate that multiple structures were built and rebuilt, one on top of the other over decades or perhaps centuries at Burrell Orchard.<br />
<br />
This discovery that several rebuilding episodes took place in this area of the site was expanded as we removed additional small sections of the upper floor to expose subfloor features, such as fired clay surfaces (hearths?) and FCR clusters. Small pits like the kind we recorded on the upper floor appear to have been constructed on these earlier structural floors. The most interesting of these was Feature 15-19, the small pit in which the fragment of slate bannerstone was deposited and later covered over by the subsequent, and final, clay floor. Thus, it seems likely that each layer of clay floor contains its own set of features which represent the activities of several generations of Native American families living at this site. </div>
Brian Redmond, Ph.Dhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16352797682978174355noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-847520467066775672.post-36408789947170860102015-07-12T21:26:00.001-04:002015-07-12T21:35:10.501-04:00Exploring Structure 1<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<![endif]-->Last Friday we completed another successful field school program at the Burrell Orchard site. We made several significant discoveries during this last week, and I will discuss them in this and subsequent posts. Heading into this season, my primary goal was to excavate the remaining sections of the deep clay floor feature we discovered in 2014 and determine if it indeed represented the floor of a structure. I think we achieved this goal with the exposure of more clay floor in Unit 496N 512E, as well as some other interesting features. <br />
<br />
Once this unit finally dried out sufficiently for us to continue excavation, we identified a distinct line of post molds extending north-south along the western margin of the clay floor (Figure 1). This series of small posts appears to line up precisely with the end of the post configuration identified last season in Unit 498N 512E. Contrary to our expectations, however, this line does not curve sharply to the east but extends farther south into unexcavated territory. A few days after this post line was recorded, a parallel row of posts was uncovered about 2.0 meters to the east (Figure 2). This line also connected with an arcing configuration just to the north in Unit 498N 514E that was recorded the week before. Together, these post molds form a U-shaped configuration, with the closed end of the “U” to the north. It seems probable that this pattern, which I have dubbed “Structure 1” extends southward to form an oval dwelling measuring at least 4.0 meters long (north-south). Unfortunately, time ran out before we could excavate the next unit to the south. <br />
<br />
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One truly unique aspect of this likely house floor is what appears to be a prepared clay basin (Fea. 15-17) located in the southeast corner of Unit 496N 512E (Figures 1 and 3). This shallow dish was molded out of the same clay used to construct the structure floor and a rounded rim was added, most likely to contain whatever material was placed within this receptacle. Lying on the surface of this basin was a bone awl or perforating tool and the astragulus (ankle bone) of a deer (Figures 3). The purpose of this construction remains a mystery. It was not used as a fire pit, since the clay was not altered to the distinctive red-orange color seen on many areas of the clay floors where fires were made. I don’t think this basin would have served very well as a surface for grinding, since the clay would not have held up to much scraping with a groundstone tool. Perhaps the basin held plant material or served as the base for basket containers. Maybe it was a water dish for the family dog! We really don’t have a clue, since, to my knowledge, nothing like it has been found before in Ohio.<br />
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3. Excavation of the clay basin (Feature 15-17); bone awl is indicated by arrow</span></td></tr>
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One final surprise awaited us when we excavated Feature 15-22, a round pit situated near the center of the floor (Figure 1). The fill of this pit was very dark and organic. Among the remains were a large quantity of butchered deer bone and another deer bone awl (Figure 4). But most surprising was the discovery of four very large stones arranged in a cluster on the bottom of the pit, along with several smaller stones stacked above and around the larger ones (Figure 5). Many of these rocks showed signs of use as grinding stones, which suggests that Feature 15-22 was a cache pit used to store some of the less portable household tools below the floor. The fact that all the large stones were placed flat-side up with their surfaces at about the same level indicates that this cluster may also have served as a hard base or platform to support something used within the house. But again, exactly what this may have been remains uncertain.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPqvSMdKMrm4Tw16a9y-HVv8awYwyJH6xHVmU5-gzPPVSA3ERnnzfer0uIG01KsukdPwazGvOIEq6ZbW3sNQBgrthi-R3UsrbX01HlnYwNRtFx3yYyzZ_hGdVqlGJMRR5AaaBr3xJfzzw/s1600/Fea.+15-22.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPqvSMdKMrm4Tw16a9y-HVv8awYwyJH6xHVmU5-gzPPVSA3ERnnzfer0uIG01KsukdPwazGvOIEq6ZbW3sNQBgrthi-R3UsrbX01HlnYwNRtFx3yYyzZ_hGdVqlGJMRR5AaaBr3xJfzzw/s400/Fea.+15-22.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Figure 5. Feature 15-22 and contents.</span> </td></tr>
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<br />
The discovery of Structure 1 with its clay floor is amazing to me. To be able to stand on a Late Archaic house floor, touch a clay basin made by the inhabitants, and peer into a storage pit that was last opened some 4000 years ago has been one of the highlights of my archaeological career. </div>
Brian Redmond, Ph.Dhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16352797682978174355noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-847520467066775672.post-80965049854121092662015-07-02T21:17:00.000-04:002015-07-02T21:18:34.706-04:00Bannerstone Discovery<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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</xml><![endif]-->This week at Burrell Orchard proved very productive, despite the almost daily rain showers that flooded some of our most promising excavation units (Figure 1). Nevertheless, our valiant crew slogged through the swamp, screened for artifacts in the rain, and kneeled in mud to make good, steady progress.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuYp_AJhgvKKDGFb_omyT8BNozwL1ZgL7L12kfXs1VcXvREA2f8GJCNUO00TPod8oMDkvIbRSLedJxkmmNUQfugSAAJ7JR_lUXTcxojn1QwhOi66LQgw3ipgm7AGLZFMflDlI9DI64z8Q/s1600/wet+site.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuYp_AJhgvKKDGFb_omyT8BNozwL1ZgL7L12kfXs1VcXvREA2f8GJCNUO00TPod8oMDkvIbRSLedJxkmmNUQfugSAAJ7JR_lUXTcxojn1QwhOi66LQgw3ipgm7AGLZFMflDlI9DI64z8Q/s400/wet+site.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Figure 1. Rain-soaked
floor of Unit 496N 512E.</td></tr>
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Spirits were greatly heightened by the unexpected discovery of a rather rare artifact known as a bannerstone. “Bannerstone” is the name given to a class of expertly carved and ground slate artifacts that many archaeologists consider to have been weights on the “atlatl” spear-thrower. Despite this rather mundane function, many bannerstone were so carefully made and artistic in form that it seems that they would have also carried some degree of ritual or symbolic significance. In any case, yours truly turned one up while examining some dark soil stains on one of the unit floors. Interestingly, the bannerstone was partially buried beneath a section of
clay floor, as if it had been deliberately sealed into the small pit
subsequently found below.<br />
<br />
Our specimen is broken, perhaps
intentionally, and represents about one half of its original form
(Figure 2). This variety is known as a “winged” or “butterfly”
bannerstone for the wide flanges extending outward from the central bore
hole. It is thought that the bannerstone was inserted over a
cylindrical portion of the spear-thrower. Our specimen does not appear
to have been finished, since many scratches from smoothing the stone are
still apparent. Also, the artifact is neatly broken at the central
bore hole, which suggests that this destruction was the result of poor
drilling technique. It is also possible that the bannerstone was
intentionally broken or “killed” by its owner, possibly as a sacrifice
or an effort to release the spirit of this fine object. The fact that
it was carefully buried under a clay floor in a small pit points to the
making of an offering, perhaps during the renewing of the house floor
with another clay layer. We will never know for sure, but the discovery
of such a rare object in an otherwise artifact-sparse section of the
site leads me to think that its placement here was intentional and had
great significance.<br />
<br />
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Brian Redmond, Ph.Dhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16352797682978174355noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-847520467066775672.post-78594346918231267692015-06-28T21:43:00.000-04:002015-06-28T21:43:00.785-04:00Drills, Awls, or ??<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<![endif]-->Last week was both eventful and mundane. As our crew battled the flood waters nearly every day, we managed to make good progress on the excavation of the midden deposits surrounding the upper clay floor in Units 496N 512E and 514E. We also worked on midden remnants on the north side and began a new excavation unit on the northeast at 498N 516E. We made a good start on this last unit with the assistance of the Museum’s Student Naturalists, who visited us for the day on Wednesday (Figure 1). Our hope is that this new unit will expose the northern margin of the upper clay floor.<br />
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Figure 1. Student Naturalists dig in Unit 498N 514E.</div>
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<br />We are not finding lots of artifacts in this area, which suggests that not much deer butchering or stone tool making went on in the vicinity of the clay floors. We did find several smudge (hide-smoking) pits cut into the upper clay floor, but this type of activity would not leave much stone tool debris behind. One exception to this basic pattern has been the discovery of several flint drills in the midden deposits close to the edges of the upper clay floor. These specimens look to have been heavily worked and re-sharpened many times. The three examples shown in Figure 2 are made from the three primary chert (flint) types we find at Burrell Orchard: Upper Mercer from Coshocton Co., Columbus-Delaware from northcentral Ohio, and Flint Ridge from Licking Co., Ohio. We have always called these objects “drills,” and indeed many were probably used for boring holes in wood, bone, and even stone. But a recent use-wear study of Burrell Orchard drills found in previous seasons revealed that several showed microscopic wear patterns from use on wet hide rather than on hard materials. Thus, it seems that at least some of these “drills” were not used for drilling at all, but instead were somehow used in the processing of animal hides. Perhaps they were used like the bone and antler awls (perforating tools) we commonly find at other sites. So, we have another mystery to solve.<br />
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Brian Redmond, Ph.Dhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16352797682978174355noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-847520467066775672.post-67063066934058520172015-06-21T15:51:00.003-04:002015-06-28T20:45:52.024-04:00Not One, But Two Floors!<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Just one day into our first week of excavation at Burrell Orchard,
we discovered another clay floor.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This feature
is some 20 to 25 cm higher than the floor we found last season and is situated
about 2.0 meters to the east.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If the
radar images of the deep floor are accurate, then this new floor, designated as
Feature 15-05, partially overlaps the deeper floor, Feature 14-11.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Both
clay strata appear to be similar in make-up, that is, they were made from
nearly pure yellow clay probably derived from subsoil deposits below the midden
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDaNaCoy3wr6UheY7n57G5kQLRnxtNyReLxwJkgB4kX3BQMbKRm087sf5DRVW_PCkNYJ1JETE8KuA4Y7DB-ohBVJMzr4RSiv17KjXPdyYfdqqm4yXHVI81g5kY-IaafZfy4R8kjB5EYr4/s1600/019.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDaNaCoy3wr6UheY7n57G5kQLRnxtNyReLxwJkgB4kX3BQMbKRm087sf5DRVW_PCkNYJ1JETE8KuA4Y7DB-ohBVJMzr4RSiv17KjXPdyYfdqqm4yXHVI81g5kY-IaafZfy4R8kjB5EYr4/s400/019.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Figure 1. Exposed southern section of yellow clay floor
(Feature 15-05) in Unit 496N 514E.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
So far, we have identified Feature 15-05 at about 30 cm bd
in Units 498N 514E and 496N 514E.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
portion we have exposed measures at least 3.0 m north to south and 1.5 m east
to west.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But we don’t have it all, since
the clay deposit runs eastward out of the excavated area.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On Friday, we took three one-inch core
samples at 50 cm intervals eastward from Feature 15-05 (Figure 2).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The results revealed that this new clay floor
extends to the east between 1.0 to 1.5 m.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Interestingly, the core taken at 1.0 meter contained samples of two
stratified clay floors, something we see evidence for in Unit 498N 514E.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Later in the afternoon we opened a new 2.0 x
2.0 m unit at 496N 516E to expose more of the floor.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Once excavation started we quickly found the
floor at only about 15 cm bd in this new unit.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgH4m_gEAG9pNsWArfbTyN_3J0oC5iBsQEPvPyjNXun2RN9bNsvZ3ff_ihq0ydInbe6DrTyhH3F241wUpBd6cAHYa_OLQ9rh8RcgYzi9_eoC2OPpjydgxt9j87NdU8lijqfXKa4zScTYUs/s1600/013.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgH4m_gEAG9pNsWArfbTyN_3J0oC5iBsQEPvPyjNXun2RN9bNsvZ3ff_ihq0ydInbe6DrTyhH3F241wUpBd6cAHYa_OLQ9rh8RcgYzi9_eoC2OPpjydgxt9j87NdU8lijqfXKa4zScTYUs/s400/013.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"> Figure
2. Taking core samples eastward from the upper clay floor (Feature 15-05).</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Meanwhile, Brian S.’s crew continued to carefully excavate
10 cm-thick levels of midden soil in Unit 496N 512E.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At about 30 cm bd, they exposed a large
cluster of FCR, as well as two ground-stone tools: one a small hand-held
grinding stone or “mano” with distinctive polish on the flat side and a large
(3.0 kg) pitted stone.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As its name
indicates, the pitted stone is marked by several distinct, regular depressions on
several faces the look to have been made by the use of a rotating implement
(Figure 3).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These pits appear too
regular to have been made by simple whacking this stone with another stone to
crack nuts or flake flint cores.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In
fact, the likely purpose of these pitted stones remains unknown. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj61y6HEx7RpvrU6UEe_yrOSZwo55qPBJ8H8VpUvndVoOjaXAUfOrEgvzlbF5A5duCrHd7tUSyDTj9t6x4kUvyCz3p49sjsyzIFniW4Q7dCLXH3Sxh-o6yFfmX0sBSZh3O-_Y576hVQz7s/s1600/027.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj61y6HEx7RpvrU6UEe_yrOSZwo55qPBJ8H8VpUvndVoOjaXAUfOrEgvzlbF5A5duCrHd7tUSyDTj9t6x4kUvyCz3p49sjsyzIFniW4Q7dCLXH3Sxh-o6yFfmX0sBSZh3O-_Y576hVQz7s/s400/027.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
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The discovery of at least two stratified clay surfaces is
exciting and much unexpected.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It makes our
excavation more complex but also very exciting.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Who know what will turn up this coming week!</div>
</div>
Brian Redmond, Ph.Dhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16352797682978174355noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-847520467066775672.post-89328695937682930512015-06-15T22:38:00.002-04:002015-06-15T22:41:03.882-04:00Search for the Clay Floor Begins<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Today we began our four week Archaeology in Action program at
Burrell Orchard.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Despite the soggy
conditions, we managed to make a start on three new excavation units located
adjacent to two of last year’s units.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The reason we are returning to just about the same spot as last summer
is to expose more of the Late Archaic clay floor feature found in unit 498N
512E last July.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This distinctive yellow
clay layer was found near the bottom of the midden deposits at about 60 cm deep.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Its surface was burned to a bright red color
in several areas, indicating the making of fires for cooking or some other
function (Figure 1).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Along one edge of
this clay floor we discovered an arc of post molds which may represent where
the wall of a house was constructed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>By
the look of things, it seemed that we had only exposed maybe one quarter or so of the floor, which appeared to
extend </div>
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<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwCgReuRuN0UEq3252z6AFgFwYls-GYGfvDPg6PKjmsDgdKOS0fpMGOwHNm2XsCx00wp85DK8HTcJO30uHrtDOZylYlLg8d4OMZlvy_iTiGNE3ye3g4xxbBnN_4QZuhNuq9qxXzxrP8-w/s1600/house+floor+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwCgReuRuN0UEq3252z6AFgFwYls-GYGfvDPg6PKjmsDgdKOS0fpMGOwHNm2XsCx00wp85DK8HTcJO30uHrtDOZylYlLg8d4OMZlvy_iTiGNE3ye3g4xxbBnN_4QZuhNuq9qxXzxrP8-w/s400/house+floor+1.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Figure 1. Exposed clay floor found in 2014. (White dots mark
the locations of post molds)
</td></tr>
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southward into an unexcavated area.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>So, this year we have returned to see if indeed this floor
continues.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We hope to expose most of
what is left and determine what it represents.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Perhaps it is a house floor or maybe a working surface for various
open-air activities.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> In any case, nothing like it has yet been found in northern Ohio.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
Today we proceeded to open the new
2x2m units and remove up to 20 cm of soil from the upper stratum or plow zone
(Figure 2).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Here we found fire-cracked
rock and chert (flint) flakes along with a few shards of historic dishware,
mostly blue and red transfer-print ware.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZiLmfmTsu6hxM2KDdyMJU5Snp7YLr0_0cqULGgGU6ZlvHv-gImwHvXRKJ5O-Wy5yn-C1XB4XgYmU7X0tE-B-NpWJlbjRWGKGFWQumLWcAWHrfzSUSTwQcbs8qgJcf0sXJLPP36tR2x6E/s1600/020.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZiLmfmTsu6hxM2KDdyMJU5Snp7YLr0_0cqULGgGU6ZlvHv-gImwHvXRKJ5O-Wy5yn-C1XB4XgYmU7X0tE-B-NpWJlbjRWGKGFWQumLWcAWHrfzSUSTwQcbs8qgJcf0sXJLPP36tR2x6E/s400/020.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Figure 2. Work on new excavation units begins.</td></tr>
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<br /></div>
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The find of the day was made by Marsha R. who turned up a complete triangular
arrowhead, known as a “Madison” point, which was used from about A.D. 1200 to
1600.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is a small point, possibly
made from the broken tip of a somewhat larger arrow head (Figure 3).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is made of lustrous gray chert known as Pipe
Creek that outcrops just south of Sandusky, Ohio.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This
point is some of the rare evidence we have collected for site occupants
post-dating the Late Archaic settlers of the Burrell Orchard site.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These people of the Late Prehistoric period
were apparently at this site for brief visits just a few centuries before
Europeans entered northern Ohio and some 3500 years after the Late Archaic hunters and gatherers left.
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicJWImq6H9woNGKy6AoHbztWOtJrIW8-nIWtQ7wAllwQh05ep73nDqF0Wg7RxVdW7GCWMHb8JDW9oCXgBRBWdbW9qfUpNfcQ5wYpmziZd2MOXOVdCChbBALlmIPCJCMVd7rVXQI-5mRJk/s1600/026.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicJWImq6H9woNGKy6AoHbztWOtJrIW8-nIWtQ7wAllwQh05ep73nDqF0Wg7RxVdW7GCWMHb8JDW9oCXgBRBWdbW9qfUpNfcQ5wYpmziZd2MOXOVdCChbBALlmIPCJCMVd7rVXQI-5mRJk/s400/026.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Figure 3. Madison
triangular arrow point found in the plow zone of unit 498N 514E.</td></tr>
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Brian Redmond, Ph.Dhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16352797682978174355noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-847520467066775672.post-22863588066694465852015-06-01T14:23:00.001-04:002015-06-01T14:40:30.954-04:00New Field Season at Burrell Orchard Underway<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
On May 17, preliminary test excavations began at the Burrell Orchard site with volunteers from the Firelands Archaeological Research Center (FARC). A 1x1m excavation unit was laid out in the area surveyed with Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) in October last year. At this spot, the GPR detected a particularly strong reflection beneath the surface that is similar in form to the signal made by the clay floor feature we identified last summer (see Blogging Archaeology post for 7-12-2014). So, in this new spot, we hope to find evidence of a second structural floor dating to the Late Archaic period, about 4000 years ago. <br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiv15Knx-bn1K6OphUoSax3IjNM-oCYfhojzKmXQosYunOKH-vyzMdRTE5Ymtu-snj6hWZOhDPJnFBBkagDxdO-VmxFEoA9kvRpzE7_uy37EyTCAhy8AEjaEme4O544QTQ9a2MCzPoWHz8/s1600/028.JPG"><img border="0" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiv15Knx-bn1K6OphUoSax3IjNM-oCYfhojzKmXQosYunOKH-vyzMdRTE5Ymtu-snj6hWZOhDPJnFBBkagDxdO-VmxFEoA9kvRpzE7_uy37EyTCAhy8AEjaEme4O544QTQ9a2MCzPoWHz8/s400/028.JPG" width="400" /></a><br />
Figure 1. Excavating the first test unit of the season. <br />
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Excavation through the plow zone deposits quickly turned up flint flakes and fire-cracked rock (FCR). Going deeper, small amounts of burned (calcined) animal bone and a few fragments of flint projectile points were recovered. Although fragmentary, these artifacts were easily identified as the long, narrow, stemmed lanceolate knives and spear tips that were used by the Late Archaic peoples who lived here. <br />
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At the 40 cm deep level, several patches of burned soil were detected, one of which was covered with a small amount of FCR. These features appear to represent locations where surface fires were made or are the very bottoms of small roasting pits. Elsewhere on the unit floor, careful troweling exposed small concentrations of charcoal. During the past two field seasons (2008 and 2014) we have identified similar features at approximately this level, some of the features were accompanied by flat-lying concentrations of siltstone fragments. These stone “pavements” may represent flat work areas or possibly the paved bottoms of cooking facilities. In any case, these clusters of thermal features, FCR, and burned bone likely represent living floors on which daily food processing and preparation activities took place. Interestingly, past experience at this site tells us that such floors are stratified into at least two levels at Burrell Orchard, and, thus reflect repeat visits to this site over a period of centuries. On our next visit, we will section the features and continue excavation of the midden soil to see if any clay surfaces appear.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIqZ39nJDw5zWzv1lusjPJxUdUAVAGcSy3TCToPuZ4EXEcekKLnIAuNpD7e_boXl9AS_FvYvdYY0RhUioZxVCAVc5_Fqf1uxEWHeuetvt31X9MPd8b2hDXCuUvtbqLtFPJovFZi_LPZLY/s1600/025+ed.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIqZ39nJDw5zWzv1lusjPJxUdUAVAGcSy3TCToPuZ4EXEcekKLnIAuNpD7e_boXl9AS_FvYvdYY0RhUioZxVCAVc5_Fqf1uxEWHeuetvt31X9MPd8b2hDXCuUvtbqLtFPJovFZi_LPZLY/s400/025+ed.jpg" width="266" /></a></div>
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=847520467066775672"></a> <br />
Figure 2. The floor of the test unit showing two of the burned soil features (raised areas) at left. (If you look closely, you can just see the orange tint to the soil at these spots.)<br />
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Brian Redmond, Ph.Dhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16352797682978174355noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-847520467066775672.post-35923030475196829292014-07-12T18:59:00.001-04:002014-07-12T18:59:22.891-04:00House Wall and Clay Floor<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
On Thursday we discovered evidence that the curious clay layer may have served as floors for dwellings. A careful examination of the clay floor exposed in unit 498N 512E revealed an arc of post molds running along the edge of the floor. These posts measure about 5 to 7 cm (1.5 to 2.5 inches) in diameter and penetrate through the floor. The white dots in the image below mark these post molds. The red areas are heat-oxidized areas of the floor; most likely places where fires were made. The dark soil area on the left (west) represent where shallow pit features were dug, parts of which cut out small sections of the floor. We are not sure what these pits were used for, but they contain significant amounts of animal bone and some fire-cracked rock.<br />
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One final feature of note was found in the southeast corner of the excavation unit (lower right). This small, dark, shallow pit cut through a burned area of the floor, which tells us that it definitely post-dates the creation--and maybe occupation--of the dwelling that was built here four millennium ago.</div>
Brian Redmond, Ph.Dhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16352797682978174355noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-847520467066775672.post-46976895455312776972014-07-05T16:42:00.002-04:002014-07-06T08:33:44.109-04:00Finding the Clay Surface<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
This past Thursday, we found the base of the midden in unit 500N 512E at about 55 cm bd. In the process, we uncovered the unusual yellow clay layer first discovered in 2008. At that time we thought this clay was the natural subsoil that underlies the midden across the site. Instead, it turned out to be a cultural surface resulting from the human occupation of the site. We know this because beneath the yellow clay is an organic soil stratum which contains prehistoric cultural material. We are not yet sure how this clay layer was created. It may be the backdirt from digging deep pits dug nearby that penetrated the natural sandy clay subsoil. But it may instead represent a deliberately created floor or working surface. If so, then its presence shows that the Late Archaic inhabitants of this site took time to modify their settlement in a way that would last some time. The image below shows the clay stratum and a large pit feature that appears to cut through this layer.<br />
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Next door, in unit 498N 512E, the dark organic midden soil was still being encountered. Deer bone and antler, and carbonized nutshells are being found in abundance. Among the finds was the base of a large flint drill. On Friday, a drill tip was found near where the base turned up. Not surprisingly, the two fragments fit together to form a long tool that measures about 12 cm (4.5 in) in length as shown below. This exceptional tool was most likely complete when lost or stored at the Late Archaic campsite.<br />
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Brian Redmond, Ph.Dhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16352797682978174355noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-847520467066775672.post-36331417754466922152014-07-02T19:33:00.000-04:002014-07-02T19:34:44.970-04:00Tracing the Midden<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Last week's rains set us back a bit, but this week has been relatively dry, and we have accomplished quite a bit. Yesterday, we completed our shovel-test survey of the site with the help of youngsters in a Museum Archaeology program. Eight eager students busily shoveled, troweled, and screened until the job was complete. <br />
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We found few artifacts and virtually no midden deposits, but this was ok, at least for me, since we expected to be working at the very southern edge of the site. So, the lack of discoveries was exactly what I expected. The information from this survey will be very useful for understanding the diversity and locations of activities carried out by the prehistoric inhabitants of Burrell Orchard. With the measurements taken during the excavation of each shovel-test unit, I was able to construct a map showing the depths of the midden deposits across the site. As shown below, this map reveals a slightly curving distribution of deep deposits, some extending to more than 80 cm beneath the surface. <br />
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As it happens, our current excavation units are situated within some of the deepest deposits on the site. In future seasons, we will test areas of more shallow midden to better understand what was going on in places of less intense activities.</div>
Brian Redmond, Ph.Dhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16352797682978174355noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-847520467066775672.post-75843158613598973112014-06-26T22:13:00.000-04:002014-06-26T22:15:52.275-04:00Stratified Bones and Stones<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
After yesterday's rain, we were able to resume normal excavations today. We continued to remove layers of midden soil at about 5 cm for each level. This is slow-going but necessary to preserve the fine contexts of the artifacts and other cultural remains that are turning up. We are still finding large quantities of fire-cracked rock and flint debris but also increasing amounts of animal bone. Up to now, we found mostly heavily burned (calcined) bone fragments but over the last two days more unburned bone from several different kinds of animals have turned up. Much of this is deer bone (see below), but today we found the complete lower jaw of a muskrat and some leg bones of another small mammal. Most of this bone is coming from unit 500N 512E at the south edge of the old orchard. Surprisingly, flint tool debris and even FCR are scarce at the 40 cm level of this unit.<br />
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A nearly complete projectile point was found in unit 490N 497.5E. As seen in this image, the end of the stemmed base is missing.<br />
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The two features I described in my last post are becoming much more distinct, along with more fragments of the siltstone slab "pavements." The oxidize clay feature (no. 14-1) was sectioned late<br />
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this afternoon and was found to be a rather thin layer of burned midden sediment. Underneath is another siltstone slab as shown below. Here is a good example of two separate activities (fire-making and stone deposition) separated by only a few centimeters of soil deposition. This truly is a well-stratified site!<br />
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Brian Redmond, Ph.Dhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16352797682978174355noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-847520467066775672.post-74641652431136588212014-06-23T18:56:00.000-04:002014-06-23T18:56:26.162-04:00Features Appearing<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Last Friday we continued excavation in the 2x2 meter units. It is a slow go, because the midden soil is rather high in clay content and loaded with fire-cracked rocks. We have abandoned shovels all together in favor of trowels and brushes. Several possible features have appeared on the floor of unit 498N 512E. The image below shows that current floor at about 35 cm below datum. You can see we have divided it into quadrants, which makes it much easier to take down the floor at different rates as needed and to more accurately provenience (locate) what we find.<br />
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The most obvious feature in this image is the large slab of siltstone in the upper left corner (SW quad). Similar clusters of rock slabs were found in several units in 2008 and their purposes remain uncertain. They may have served as surfaces for preparing food or other activities. In the lower left (SE quad) you can just see a brown-orange patch of oxidized soil (just above the upper left corner of our chalk board). At first we thought this was a clay lens, but now I suspect it is an area of the midden deposit that was heated and hardened. Perhaps this is an area where a fire was made and then the charcoal and ash were removed, perhaps by plowing. In any case, these two features most likely represent a 'living surface', that is a level in the midden on which activities took place. Finally, in the upper left corner of the lower right (NE) quad, near where the strings come together, is a rectangular patch of soil containing lots of charcoal. This may represent the remains of a hearth feature or maybe just a lens of redeposited hearth contents. Don't know what all this means yet, but finding any kinds of discrete features in the otherwise very homogeneous midden will help us better understand the sequence of occupations at Burrell Orchard.</div>
Brian Redmond, Ph.Dhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16352797682978174355noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-847520467066775672.post-5196276242559299582014-06-19T21:49:00.001-04:002014-06-19T21:54:58.872-04:00Digging Down To the Midden<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Over the last two days at Burrell Orchard, we completed our shovel-testing and began work on three 2x2meter units near the edge of the old orchard. Two of these units were placed adjacent to a 2x2 opened in 2008 that penetrated through the midden deposits and exposed a layer of yellow-brown clay. This layer may represent a house floor similar to ones that have been recorded on Late Archaic sites in Illinois and Kentucky. Or it could simply be subsoil backdirt from the digging of pits below the midden, but further work will tell.<br />
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As we removed the plow zone soils today, several interesting discoveries were made. A nearly complete, stemmed lanceolate projectile point was found in the upper layers of the midden in Unit 490N 497.5E. As shown below, this point is only missing its tip. It is extremely well made and very thin. Even the edges are still sharp! It is made of a dark blue-black flint most likely from Coshocton County, Ohio. This artifact was either a butchering knife or perhaps a spear point.<br />
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An even rarer artifact is a stone adze found in the upper midden layer in unit 498N 512E. It is a complete, undamaged specimen of a wood-working tool that was carefully ground and polished from a very attractive variety of igneous rock called porphyry. In the image below, the distinctive crystals of feldspar, called phenocrysts, can be distinctly seen. This tool was most likely made from a glacial cobble found in French Creek or another local stream. The discovery of an undamaged tool like this seems unusual in a refuse context such as a midden. Perhaps this particular stratum is more significant than we first assumed. <br />
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Next door in the adjoining excavation unit, a hard day of plow zone excavation resulted in the complete exposure of the midden deposit. At first glance, it looks something like an asphalt pavement--and is nearly as hard to dig--but on closer inspection dense concentrations of charcoal, burned soil, burned bone, flint flakes can be seen between the large chunks of fire-cracked rock. Shown below is a view of the midden floor at the end of the day. This floor has not seen the light of day for some four thousand years! And much more undoubtedly lies beneath.<br />
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Brian Redmond, Ph.Dhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16352797682978174355noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-847520467066775672.post-63664086779572389662014-06-16T20:21:00.001-04:002014-06-16T20:40:26.826-04:00CMNH Field School Returns to the Field<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
After a one year hiatus, the CMNH field school program is back in business. After five successful seasons at the Heckelman site, we have returned to Burrell Orchard, where we worked in 2008. This site is one of the most unique archaeological localities in northern Ohio. It contains a dense accumulation of midden (refuse) and other features that date to the Late Archaic period, about 4000 years ago. In 2008 we located and sampled the midden deposits and found a number of cooking pits and smudge pits used for smoking deer hides. This season we will continue to excavate more of the midden deposits near the old orchard, but also carry out a systematic shovel-test survey of the remainder of the site. To read the report of our 2008 work, use this <a href="https://www.academia.edu/6916365/ARCHAEOLOGICAL_INVESTIGATIONS_AT_THE_BURRELL_ORCHARD_SITE_33Ln15_2008_SEASON" target="_blank">link</a>.<br />
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Today we began our shovel-test survey. Things started out slowly, because we had to clear survey transects in the tall weeds and grass that cover the field. Luckily we had some willing grass cutters in Michelle N., Char S., and Marcia R. Here you can see Char's mowing technique.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-Lto9XygdtS6FZZsJIX5Vx9vFxUK5KV7RboCx4vZ89qRLeYWaBkhOSAylrK-XKGAphCEYLleB9Q9dy_SMT_2GnOB-sMqKJBWGQjg-68X529SkNlOaMCy0lbYeyHLDvSdUQ7udBhGCtDM/s1600/006.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-Lto9XygdtS6FZZsJIX5Vx9vFxUK5KV7RboCx4vZ89qRLeYWaBkhOSAylrK-XKGAphCEYLleB9Q9dy_SMT_2GnOB-sMqKJBWGQjg-68X529SkNlOaMCy0lbYeyHLDvSdUQ7udBhGCtDM/s1600/006.JPG" height="212" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5CeMgpiH24ub1KOvCFSUCWrj3n8DAYnb3gooK1Y3AT5gtV5r2lQMj9w4Bxad0rJsp7-GKl5MQ6Ow-iN8P9E6RqNQGLtckHxoYoHO48klDN3BUn9mF5OxSg240CUsyE9nsCNzVShCE0Hs/s1600/022.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5CeMgpiH24ub1KOvCFSUCWrj3n8DAYnb3gooK1Y3AT5gtV5r2lQMj9w4Bxad0rJsp7-GKl5MQ6Ow-iN8P9E6RqNQGLtckHxoYoHO48klDN3BUn9mF5OxSg240CUsyE9nsCNzVShCE0Hs/s1600/022.JPG" height="320" width="212" /></a> Four shovel-test units were laid out on the N490 transect. Each unit is 50cm by 50cm in size and is excavated into the midden deposits and ends at the artifact-free subsoil. Each crew discovered flint flakes and fire-cracked rock (FCR) in almost every unit. Below the 25cm-thick plow zone, we found the dark, organic midden deposits containing more flakes, FCR, bits of charcoal, and some burned bone. Only a few pieces of historic material, such as window glass, were found, suggesting that this was not a heavily used area of the Burrell family farm. The most significant find of the day was the discovery of the base of the lanceolate projectile point shown below. </div>
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These long flint knives and spear points were used by the Late Archaic inhabitants of the site for hunting and butchering deer and other animals. We often find only the broken bases of these points, which tells us that re-tooling--the discarding of broken point bases and re-hafting of new points--was a common occurrence at this Late Archaic base camp. We will continue our shovel-testing tomorrow and in the coming weeks in order to get a better picture of what lies below the surface of this large settlement.</div>
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Brian Redmond, Ph.Dhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16352797682978174355noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-847520467066775672.post-13721168149090468092013-03-26T11:22:00.000-04:002013-03-26T11:24:02.163-04:00Reconstructing the Late Woodland Vessel<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Back on July 5 of last year I reported the discovery of a Late Woodland pot in a small pit in the south area of our Heckelman site excavations. In the late fall, much time was spent by Meghan M. and Jaime G. on the reconstruction. Examining the sherds from this vessel in the field told us it belonged to the early Late Woodland, Green Creek phase of north-central Ohio. This ID was based primarily on the very thin vessel walls and fine cordmarking on the exterior. Several pots of similar form were found during the 2011 season in pits within Structure 2. <br />
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After many hours of work, we realized that only part of the vessel was preserved. I believe that the entire pot was deposited in a small pit--most likely within another house--some 1,400 years ago, but the effects of weathering left most of the vessel badly fractured and unable to be reconstructed. Much of the rim was also missing, most likely due to plowing. This image shows the vessel in all its crushed splendor.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgf7g5khMVDUEXRPACo6oxiiM0MMliMz7OADXGnOrCgMJOT2OalJCXBcOyNQ2oJMRtf-mzk2HZdFwg6h7uYdqY4TsVzX6ARZiZvIT8cVCK61oWAXDFLzyLgI_QD4OXT_5T9OKEHuFTEsMI/s1600/LW+pot+in+situ.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="281" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgf7g5khMVDUEXRPACo6oxiiM0MMliMz7OADXGnOrCgMJOT2OalJCXBcOyNQ2oJMRtf-mzk2HZdFwg6h7uYdqY4TsVzX6ARZiZvIT8cVCK61oWAXDFLzyLgI_QD4OXT_5T9OKEHuFTEsMI/s400/LW+pot+in+situ.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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Persistent effort--and much masking tape--resulted in the reconstruction seen here.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4xl5dplS_NSpzRL1vBIN52WAmG8gnFqh35_8PwZGrIwficZ2LA0J84Kd5_5MOpNCj0r8BmHPVvrMilLRRaGOv8cPRyNBPR-EfSL8mvWT-CK2Kwwa3uIq1mJsjDmXRKCQx3Tn4A3oXYzI/s1600/LW+pot+reconst+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="363" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4xl5dplS_NSpzRL1vBIN52WAmG8gnFqh35_8PwZGrIwficZ2LA0J84Kd5_5MOpNCj0r8BmHPVvrMilLRRaGOv8cPRyNBPR-EfSL8mvWT-CK2Kwwa3uIq1mJsjDmXRKCQx3Tn4A3oXYzI/s400/LW+pot+reconst+1.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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The close-up below reveals the finely cordmarked surface, which was likely done with a cord-wrapped wooden paddle. Note that the orientation of the cordmarks changes from vertical near the rim (upper portion) to oblique and overlapping on the body. This form of surface treatment is typical of Middle to early Late Woodland pottery in southern Ohio and beyond. It is more rare in northern Ohio but does reveal connections between Woodland peoples at Heckelman and middle Ohio Valley groups to the south. <br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDNLPSZMtEj5op5NvbOd5QI99g_dGYVVDVmk6FFRvHzZbvbylEaQrSqs9CZMkhblITBUF7wrtZZ1DUvyjgKMfo643vNnz_TNM4veh0Fzmm8deSaQwAV2Qz9UDAc8fIBmtCrwhiNKqv8ec/s1600/LW+pot+closeup.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="343" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDNLPSZMtEj5op5NvbOd5QI99g_dGYVVDVmk6FFRvHzZbvbylEaQrSqs9CZMkhblITBUF7wrtZZ1DUvyjgKMfo643vNnz_TNM4veh0Fzmm8deSaQwAV2Qz9UDAc8fIBmtCrwhiNKqv8ec/s400/LW+pot+closeup.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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The lack of heavy carbon smudging from use in a fire suggests that this was not a cooking pot. Its thin walls tell me that it may have instead been used for dry storage.<br />
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Finally, I used a bit of digital manipulation to project the reconstructed vessel profile onto the remains of the Late Woodland pot. The result shown below exhibits the typical form of early Late Woodland vessels such as Newtown Cordmarked or Childers Cordmarked found in the middle Ohio River Valley. Again, revealing clear stylistic connections with societies farther south, not only during the Hopewell era, but also during the subsequent early Late Woodland period. <br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhZHwHxtOzStgKb61FYkNV6eW1qpCkm-hLMwYC5b3xCwF7dmXjL0xEIh-qi2qWzKYnMUkhRCGpM1njpuPlU6NfwlicWhiFxFYVrn3gEk1V1Ha533NOJJsiQ2tGu-BYtA6ocsPrmxySAGQ/s1600/Pot+profile+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="343" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhZHwHxtOzStgKb61FYkNV6eW1qpCkm-hLMwYC5b3xCwF7dmXjL0xEIh-qi2qWzKYnMUkhRCGpM1njpuPlU6NfwlicWhiFxFYVrn3gEk1V1Ha533NOJJsiQ2tGu-BYtA6ocsPrmxySAGQ/s400/Pot+profile+2.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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Brian Redmond, Ph.Dhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16352797682978174355noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-847520467066775672.post-58587391677965672442013-01-09T12:31:00.000-05:002013-01-09T12:31:30.009-05:00Putting Together the Puzzle<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Now that the conference season is behind me, I can turn my attention back to the Heckelman site. Our dedicated volunteers here at the museum spent most of the fall washing and cataloging our many finds from the 2012 season. And now I can turn to more closely examining the collections and putting together the annual technical report. In the next few weeks, I plan to write additional posts describing some of the interesting discoveries we have made. <br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAyWmm-xsqdx2oyIlO_RKKxpNmEAFTgVlUTxb-fw1iFXN_W4bfovdux21fO_jQ2gzlpFt-EQfa70fNfM6cxZsWUR_Q7i_WToa07uqvoGnwa-XMGAZBDLRbiU-Bpwi5b0SucCf9cNThwQM/s1600/Structure+3.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAyWmm-xsqdx2oyIlO_RKKxpNmEAFTgVlUTxb-fw1iFXN_W4bfovdux21fO_jQ2gzlpFt-EQfa70fNfM6cxZsWUR_Q7i_WToa07uqvoGnwa-XMGAZBDLRbiU-Bpwi5b0SucCf9cNThwQM/s320/Structure+3.jpg" width="219" /></a>One of our most significant achievements is the identification of a complete Late Prehistoric period structural patten that appears to represent a dwelling used by the village inhabitants of the site. Over the last week or two of the field season, our crew mapped hundreds of possible post molds in the eastern end of our excavation area. Among this dense accumulation of small soil stains, we found a clear eastward extension of the stockade line and just inside (south of) this line we recognized the complete post outline of a rectangular structure that measured about 9.0 m long and 4.5 m wide. As can be seen in the drawing shown here, this house--called "Structure 3"--was oriented north-south and was situated just inside the the stockade line (the squiggly line of posts at the top of the map). Several large post molds of from an earlier (Early Woodland?) occupation of the site were found on the western floor of the structure.<br />
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The only feature which appear to belong to Structure 3 is the small round pit located in the very center of the floor. This small basin was Feature 12-60 and it contained a few fragments of deer bone, charcoal, nutshell, and a small anvilstone. Some of the nutshell was sent out for radiocarbon dating and returned a calibrated date range of A.D. 1410-1450. This date range matches almost exactly that of a piece of charred stockade post found a bit farther to the west in 2011. So, for now, I believe that Structure 3 (and at least the first phase of village construction) took place during the early fifteenth century A.D. We recovered a good sample of carbonized botanical remains from Feature 12-60, which included eight fragments of maize kernels and five cupule fragments. The maize remains help confirm the Late Prehistoric period affiliation of Feature 12-60 and Structure 3. <br />
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One other feature of note are the lines of small posts found within the structure. These may represent partitions or walls designed to separate the floor space into different activity areas or, perhaps, sleeping compartments. The size of Structure 3 suggests that it was occupied by more than one family, so a division of interior space was probably desirable. Finally, the absence of a formal fireplace or hearth feature inside the house indicates that it was not occupied during the cold months of the year. This, and the generally light construction (small posts) of its outer walls, point to its use during the warm months of the year, most likely late spring through summer. <br />
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Brian Redmond, Ph.Dhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16352797682978174355noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-847520467066775672.post-3611067061811807922012-07-23T21:25:00.000-04:002012-07-23T21:28:56.720-04:00Village Storage Pit<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjC4N_jtwun338cHL5mTuMe6nLfM6e_5lUT9iBMuFDHAjuDVbWmAKVy14EZM56UKdLoLDPnWJ8RBPB_zl0jpeo2ZL_QMWc0A_H2o-ZxfgRn5ak_Tw8numfUNj7uMEtVpzvMBSBuioRm1Ec/s1600/pit+diggers.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjC4N_jtwun338cHL5mTuMe6nLfM6e_5lUT9iBMuFDHAjuDVbWmAKVy14EZM56UKdLoLDPnWJ8RBPB_zl0jpeo2ZL_QMWc0A_H2o-ZxfgRn5ak_Tw8numfUNj7uMEtVpzvMBSBuioRm1Ec/s320/pit+diggers.jpg" width="320" /></a>Over the last several field days, a good assortment of our crew have helped excavate an unusual pit feature. This rectangular-shaped pit measures over two meters in length and has a flat bottom. Initially, we uncovered only one end, which made us think it was a typical circular basin. In fact, we did not learn otherwise until we exposed the northern ''half" and found the remaining two-thirds. Below is an image of Michelle N. standing in the excavated pit. It looks kind of dinky in this photo, but you must remember that at least a foot (30 cm for you field vets.) of soil once existed above the pit shown here. <br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimLq5gK53Ln43Ojy3NuX_mzeKsZ0jpj6QUD8uvn7W4f4LaV88o5IURa1f1Hb693Y4Xy4FxpZl9lZ8FbxaZSZquruUNPpsrB6kNABBji_3nylt3z4o1abOSjDf8igQnGfTnYmF_30UFnoI/s1600/pit+stander.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimLq5gK53Ln43Ojy3NuX_mzeKsZ0jpj6QUD8uvn7W4f4LaV88o5IURa1f1Hb693Y4Xy4FxpZl9lZ8FbxaZSZquruUNPpsrB6kNABBji_3nylt3z4o1abOSjDf8igQnGfTnYmF_30UFnoI/s320/pit+stander.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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When created, I think this feature was used for storage. Its flat bottom points to this function, but unlike more traditional Late Prehistoric storage pits found elsewhere, the wide and shallow form seems a bit unusual. Perhaps it served as a cool "cellar" for temporary within a house structure. <br />
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Whatever its function, this pit ended its use-life as a trash receptacle. The fill was loaded with food remains (bone and seeds), fire-pit scrapings (ash, charcoal, and fire-cracked rock), old tools (celts, grinding stones, arrowpoints, and anvilstones), and the remains of at least one pottery vessel. Most striking was the abundance of fish bone and masses of fish scales. Of particular note was the discovery of the proximal fragment of an elk ulna (elbow), as seen below. Even dog bones were apparently on the menu as revealed by our discovery of canine longbones and teeth. <br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJCq7t72I4oyR4G1jHR_3gXAttA8cTynSfzu8RxQogZvSQw744YIAirNeYP94xgZKzOjarFbBOLOJmwC69qfEz6UWayBPsrZ9obCWqCFIm5S8n-NsNj9YDm7-zhAdxgdD_8DA3gKKgIFY/s1600/elk+bone+pit.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJCq7t72I4oyR4G1jHR_3gXAttA8cTynSfzu8RxQogZvSQw744YIAirNeYP94xgZKzOjarFbBOLOJmwC69qfEz6UWayBPsrZ9obCWqCFIm5S8n-NsNj9YDm7-zhAdxgdD_8DA3gKKgIFY/s320/elk+bone+pit.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Here are some shots of other artifacts discovered in the pit.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTgqUGNvMT1Un8QNNNcq5VjVr2a2B-2DNcLhes8E_vLpA936L8m0dL6EUqUMEpiEWWOo56tzfyHWkI207UYIFDGNCUKpiuGfOwt_qKXQsYEfT7D2EbBYBeujfmEiii3nmMRRMxgAkMHV4/s1600/pit+stuff.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTgqUGNvMT1Un8QNNNcq5VjVr2a2B-2DNcLhes8E_vLpA936L8m0dL6EUqUMEpiEWWOo56tzfyHWkI207UYIFDGNCUKpiuGfOwt_qKXQsYEfT7D2EbBYBeujfmEiii3nmMRRMxgAkMHV4/s320/pit+stuff.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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One of the best finds was a large section of pottery vessel. It is shown below, in situ. <br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGEqqH0hNUUMPzKE4WHctQg6tl91NUjpNNwWtsu2T8zGt4YFyPBVK1ulPqiutM1p4UC1Ojh86phAhGTT235pahAwRJ5RtPsrJPUGeVbDFbcRaiLubWfrXrrxmAZiHhO6KvBZUbwHrWujI/s1600/pot+in+situ.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGEqqH0hNUUMPzKE4WHctQg6tl91NUjpNNwWtsu2T8zGt4YFyPBVK1ulPqiutM1p4UC1Ojh86phAhGTT235pahAwRJ5RtPsrJPUGeVbDFbcRaiLubWfrXrrxmAZiHhO6KvBZUbwHrWujI/s320/pot+in+situ.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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In the close-up below, you can see that the rim is decorated with a complex, stamped motif. This is an example of <i>Mixter Tool-impressed</i>, which is a diagnostic ceramic type for the Late Prehistoric village component at Heckelman. Although the pottery and celts are fun to find, I think the really informative stuff are the plant and animal remains recovered. We only have small samples of such subsistence remains up until now, so the discovery of this unusual pit is a real bonus.<br />
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<br /></div>Brian Redmond, Ph.Dhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16352797682978174355noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-847520467066775672.post-10206671712568635352012-07-17T22:07:00.000-04:002012-07-17T22:07:28.676-04:00Another Cache Blade Debris Pit<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Over the last two years, we have uncovered <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDnAtZPCrTZMHRz_VUGtc5ebftISlUVWsQKH_df3c8uuT_btbVjdyC7lDe6HsRqKRfw3ugdxBVbDxu_JL7deYsz6R_N0W-Sh0UjDO_gkiZ51GjcJ-EXnRHKQnEZpvE60cv-YZQKAQQcXM/s1600/Cache+blade+1.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDnAtZPCrTZMHRz_VUGtc5ebftISlUVWsQKH_df3c8uuT_btbVjdyC7lDe6HsRqKRfw3ugdxBVbDxu_JL7deYsz6R_N0W-Sh0UjDO_gkiZ51GjcJ-EXnRHKQnEZpvE60cv-YZQKAQQcXM/s320/Cache+blade+1.jpg" width="320" /></a>several small pits containing the debris from the <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZBuoWV1TztZReRZA62ERDE3XXIgCUiJuv9hBi2kYwMU4nHLcpuAXdli88oYmi4U2FUmrRIWrBqoe-6uUx6VCqiGb13AGeD9qRMdON-0ZzfEkAtD4NyRJzNiPo8CGeEVdvUNqddqkiS44/s1600/Cache+blade+3.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a>manufacture of flint "cache blades." Each of these features contained dozens to hundreds of flint flakes of Upper Mercer chert from Coshocton Co., Ohio. Among this debris were broken fragments of thin, triangular bifaces of the kind used in Early and Middle Woodland ceremonial contexts. Today we uncovered another of these pits. Feature 12-59 is a bit larger than those found in the past but contained a large number of large and thin flakes of a rather fine variety of Upper Mercer chert. A biface tip was found first and then a base of another biface <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhL05lGsh4c25eHaVRqChydqZ0ulnXI8umaOmNve-waQBYlAxZTa4WDorFBBBDGNp6OqD9q5nRJxjqM42EWecYF6npgDTBfGdRaaJtckuI0ERLb_FliXNhZFIRYHaQXIRYcZOvuJjZyRY8/s1600/Cache+blade+2.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhL05lGsh4c25eHaVRqChydqZ0ulnXI8umaOmNve-waQBYlAxZTa4WDorFBBBDGNp6OqD9q5nRJxjqM42EWecYF6npgDTBfGdRaaJtckuI0ERLb_FliXNhZFIRYHaQXIRYcZOvuJjZyRY8/s320/Cache+blade+2.jpg" width="320" /></a> turned up. All these biface fragments look to be <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhL05lGsh4c25eHaVRqChydqZ0ulnXI8umaOmNve-waQBYlAxZTa4WDorFBBBDGNp6OqD9q5nRJxjqM42EWecYF6npgDTBfGdRaaJtckuI0ERLb_FliXNhZFIRYHaQXIRYcZOvuJjZyRY8/s1600/Cache+blade+2.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhL05lGsh4c25eHaVRqChydqZ0ulnXI8umaOmNve-waQBYlAxZTa4WDorFBBBDGNp6OqD9q5nRJxjqM42EWecYF6npgDTBfGdRaaJtckuI0ERLb_FliXNhZFIRYHaQXIRYcZOvuJjZyRY8/s1600/Cache+blade+2.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a>pieces that were discarded by the flint-knapper during the manufacturing process. None appear to have been used, although the base fragment found today was nearly complete. There must have been some harsh words at the flint-knapping work station when this one broke!</div>
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Brian Redmond, Ph.Dhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16352797682978174355noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-847520467066775672.post-51937830878884867032012-07-09T22:01:00.004-04:002012-07-09T22:01:54.592-04:00Hopewell Pit Cluster<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqqiVLyeIwKlx9ob5NzbyvrghtHahdsHOBANyBiUnzNVnA4mLR-xEnY989WllLwesP_if83qbvcrFLs_sJ5trONcGPwEP_GrW3K_vzaWyHmz6MXAyL2H3VMdaRDajMSBwGUKkgbgvDOy8/s1600/Audrey+and+Karen+f-12-34.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqqiVLyeIwKlx9ob5NzbyvrghtHahdsHOBANyBiUnzNVnA4mLR-xEnY989WllLwesP_if83qbvcrFLs_sJ5trONcGPwEP_GrW3K_vzaWyHmz6MXAyL2H3VMdaRDajMSBwGUKkgbgvDOy8/s320/Audrey+and+Karen+f-12-34.jpg" width="212" /></a>Over the past week, we have discovered a small cluster of Hopewell pits at the Heckelman site. All contain some diagnostic artifact, such as fragments of sheet mica, Esch Cordmarked pottery, or bladelets. One of the features most representative of this Middle Woodland occupation is Feature 12-34, which was completed today. Under the watchful eye of intern Jamie G., students Karen L., Audrey G., and Annette N. recovered several bladelets, mica, and Middle Woodland pot sherds from this medium-sized basin. A bit more surprising was the discovery of burned--but not calcined--deer bone, hickory and walnut nutshell, and even several carbonized seeds and fruit pits. These are the best traces of the Middle Woodland diet found so far. As shown in the image below, this pit also contained a significant
amount of fire-cracked rock and charcoal, but no sign of a fire within
the feature. So, the burned material may represent the cleanings from a
cooking or hearth pit used nearby. <br />
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Pit clusters like this most likely reflect the daily activities of a Hopewell family that stayed at the site for a few weeks up to a season. Several clusters of post molds found nearby may represent the remains of their structures. Nearby pits--as yet unexcavated--may hold even more valuable clues. We should know soon. </div>Brian Redmond, Ph.Dhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16352797682978174355noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-847520467066775672.post-18890106932486503852012-07-05T21:43:00.000-04:002012-07-05T21:43:02.129-04:00Pot in the Corner<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
For several days, Meghan M.'s crew have been carefully exposing a crushed pottery vessel located in one of the 2x2 meter test units in the south field area. This vessel is thin, well made, and marked with finely-woven cordage. It closely resembles the early Late Woodland, Green Creek phase vessels we uncovered last season within the large, seventh century structure. The upper part of the vessel appeared first and is extreme thin and delicate. The body and base of this pot are more robust and somewhat smoothed over. The pieces currently exposed suggest that this vessel may have been stored in this pit and eventually broke. The pit feature containing this pot is partially exposed in the northeast corner of Unit 485N 531E and the bulk of the sherds extend into the west wall. So more may lie beyond! <br />
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<br /></div>Brian Redmond, Ph.Dhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16352797682978174355noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-847520467066775672.post-12926249190318863482012-07-02T21:42:00.003-04:002012-07-02T21:46:16.355-04:00Older Than We Thought<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Tremendous thunderstorms last evening dropped nearly 2.0 inches of rain on our poor site. The result was another soggy mess when we arrived this morning. Much too messy to continue excavation in our current units, so we--once again--moved south.<br />
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We laid out three new 2x2m units at previously determined, but randomly selected, locations to continue our statistical sampling of the subsurface features in the remaining area within the parallel ditches. As before, we screened small, 50x50cm test units in the southeast corners of these units to sample the plow zone contents. Not much was found except modest quantities of flint flakes.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhL0FCw-Bt5rOTt_S5HtvS2NFhdPx8HYhVysPfAHymhTqtaQEcKUFDoEXkigzJ7O8yCL2pNzt8afY95pk0uS77vR9mmsB-6MxDD0ChU1gK_N8hzvQosc0KERToEi_hyphenhyphengL9I65uzNRl4eCU/s1600/E+Archaic+pt.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhL0FCw-Bt5rOTt_S5HtvS2NFhdPx8HYhVysPfAHymhTqtaQEcKUFDoEXkigzJ7O8yCL2pNzt8afY95pk0uS77vR9mmsB-6MxDD0ChU1gK_N8hzvQosc0KERToEi_hyphenhyphengL9I65uzNRl4eCU/s320/E+Archaic+pt.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
One surprising find was the base of a large side-notched point that turned up while Karen L. was excavating a plow scar in Unit 475N 529E. Normally, the discovery of a projectile point in a plow scar would not garner much attention; however, this point proved to be somewhat exceptional. It turned out to be a fragment of an Early Archaic Large Side-notched point, similar to the Big Sandy variety found elsewhere in Ohio and into the southeastern U.S. These notched points are very old, between about 8,000 and 10,000 years in age! The image at right shows the typically square basal "ear"; the remaining ear is missing. Both this ear and the slightly convex base are heavily ground. My crude reconstruction below shows how this fragment fit with the complete point. This little fragment turns out to be the oldest artifact yet found at the Heckelman site and shows that people began coming to this place just after the Ice Age!<br />
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<br /></div>Brian Redmond, Ph.Dhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16352797682978174355noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-847520467066775672.post-31277909739298464112012-06-28T20:34:00.000-04:002012-06-28T20:34:09.869-04:00A Post Point?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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As mentioned in my last post, we have been finding many post molds but few artifacts due to our location in what appears to be an area of Late Prehistoric house construction. But today, we had the best of both worlds; a very deep and distinct structural post AND a diagnostic projectile point together in one feature! During most of this very hot day, the hardy crew working in unit 517N 518E were--once again--sectioning post molds. Most of these were rather small and short, that is, typical of what we believe to be rather flimsy summer lodges. But shortly after lunch, Marcia R. went to work on a surprisingly deep post with a very clear profile. In fact this post was exceptionally deep for its diameter (about 10 cm), and, at first, I judged it to be a possible rodent burrow. With not a little bit of effort, we did find the rounded bottom at about 50 cm below datum, which showed that indeed it was a post mold. Passers-by from other units thought this was mildly amusing, as did we. But the real surprise came when Marcia began removing the fill after drawing the profile of this post mold. At about 39 cm b.d. she found a nearly complete, corner-notched projectile point, which looked like it had been wedged about two-thirds of the way down the post hole. <br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzn0aYNy5cNVzCW7WqsQfYTYgVl6OWTBpDm5kcoOXlbCChAu_4IWzONj_YHUQXRRL07U3FsD2qr-n6dFCd5g8weIXfGyk4Cu4eY6_Logux456btG9vwDEO_tBVf4usaa1iDBwyAsNruDs/s1600/Snyders+2.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="246" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzn0aYNy5cNVzCW7WqsQfYTYgVl6OWTBpDm5kcoOXlbCChAu_4IWzONj_YHUQXRRL07U3FsD2qr-n6dFCd5g8weIXfGyk4Cu4eY6_Logux456btG9vwDEO_tBVf4usaa1iDBwyAsNruDs/s320/Snyders+2.jpg" width="320" /></a>The point is a Middle Woodland corner-notched type most similar to <i>Snyders</i> points found on southern Ohio Hopewell sites and in surface collections from this site. It is a bit unusual since it was made from a single large chert flake with very fine retouching (sharpening) around the blade margin. Does this discovery point to the remains of a Hopewell structure in this part of the site or is this just a weird accidental inclusion in a younger post mold? I don't think this was an accident. We know from many well-documented contexts that Ohio Hopewell peoples commonly placed such things as stones, flakes, mica fragments, pottery, etc. in post molds. And if you are a long-term reader of this blog, you may remember our discovery in 2010 of a complete Early Woodland stemmed point in the very bottom of a large post-pit post hole. Still, we can't say for certain. But from now on I will think twice before giving up on a post mold that seems to be running too deep. Who know what may be lying inside?<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzn0aYNy5cNVzCW7WqsQfYTYgVl6OWTBpDm5kcoOXlbCChAu_4IWzONj_YHUQXRRL07U3FsD2qr-n6dFCd5g8weIXfGyk4Cu4eY6_Logux456btG9vwDEO_tBVf4usaa1iDBwyAsNruDs/s1600/Snyders+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><br /></a></div>
<br /></div>Brian Redmond, Ph.Dhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16352797682978174355noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-847520467066775672.post-2009279703778910592012-06-27T21:40:00.000-04:002012-06-28T19:48:28.476-04:00House Pits and Post Molds<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzGt40aNzY0fj-z585kicFE7WRiDCQnP-W_DLL7WCBudugCGjHEWV-M-QUxCL45EYTEif4YDEbRo6rXU5AlqAKqW6OLk_CGThqXQDWHSfvF5d-9lAJtk0uebKnrYpxGHGTEwcHdib_qug/s1600/021.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzGt40aNzY0fj-z585kicFE7WRiDCQnP-W_DLL7WCBudugCGjHEWV-M-QUxCL45EYTEif4YDEbRo6rXU5AlqAKqW6OLk_CGThqXQDWHSfvF5d-9lAJtk0uebKnrYpxGHGTEwcHdib_qug/s320/021.JPG" width="320" /></a>So far, week Two has focused on shovel-shaving, hoeing, troweling, brushing, mapping, and sectioning post molds in 3x3m units. But, the weather has been excellent, and we are moving rapidly eastward across our excavation transect. Our crew have become expert post mold-spotters and diligent PPM-cutters. Nearly all the pits we have found are small basins containing few artifacts. Although today Jamie G. found a complete drill in her Feature 12-27, a rather faint and shallow pit.<br />
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The abundance of small pits and post molds, as well as the lack of larger cooking or storage features suggests--at least to me--that we are still within an area of one or more household structures. Past experience with Late Prehistoric dwellings in similar village sites bears this out. I suspect these maize farmers preferred rather lightly built structures for use during the summer months with little need for storage pits inside the walls. And outside cooking was probably the best choice during our hot and humid northern Ohio summers. After all, during July in Ohio all you really need is a roof over your head and some thin walls to let the air in and keep the critters out.<br />
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<br /></div>Brian Redmond, Ph.Dhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16352797682978174355noreply@blogger.com0